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Built-in Shell Commands:

What are they?

They are part of a shell. In other words, each shell (e.g., C Shell, Bourne Shell and Korn Shell) has a set of commands built into its program.

Otvaranje Shella

Control + Alt + F1

Where F1 can be replaced by F2, F3, and so on. The graphical desktop tends to run in F7 or F8, so to go back to your graphical desktop screen, just hit Control + Alt + F7

ls	list files in the current directory.
cd	working directory. If your current path is /home/username/Trash for instance, typing "cd" will bring you back to /home/username.
mkdir	a new directory
rmdir	a directory (must be empty)
cp	such as "cp currentFile newFile", and is used to copy files.
mv	such as "mv currentLocation newLocation". This is used to either move or rename files.
rm	such as "rm myFile"; it is used to delete files permanently.
pwd	the working (current) directory.
cat	files (can be used to join them together), and prints its output to standard output (the terminal screen)
locate	entries from a database, that is updated regularly; invoked via "locate myFile". Its much quicker than find (since it only searches a database), but might not be as quick to update as find (the update of the database might happen once every day only).
date	the current date! This can also be used to set the date of the system (but administrator privileges are required).
history	in shell command for the BASH environment that shows the last run commands.

Input/Output Redirection and Pipes (> >> |)

Man Pages

Exercises

1. Open up a shell on your Desktop and perform the following:

• find the name of the directory you are in
• list out the contents of the current directory
• list out the contents of the directory /usr/bin
• check the current date and time

2. Change directory to your home directory and make a new sub-directory there named Temp11 and change directory to it

• copy the following files from the /etc directory to the directory Temp11: services, motd, fstab, hosts
• concatenate the files copied above into one single file called file1
• count the number of lines present in the file file1
• delete the four files listed above in the directory Temp11

često korištene naredbe

login	Prijava na sustav
logout	Odjava sa sustava
cd	Promijeni direktorij
alias	Prikaži aliase
history	Prikaži popis korištenih naredbi
kill	Šalje sinal nekom procesu. Uobičajeni signal je term (terminate) koji zaustavlja proces

rijeđe korištene naredbe

bg	Resumes job in the background.
fg	Brings a job in the foreground.
stop	Stops a background job.
echo	Writes arguments to the standard output of the shell.
nohup	Ignores the hangup signal.
set	Displays or set the value of a shell variable.
setenv	Sets environment variables.
unset	Deletes shell variables.
unsetenv	Deletes environment variables.

još rijeđe korištene naredbe

#	Marks a command.
break	Resumes execution after the loop.
breaksw	Breaks from a switch command; resumes after the endsw command.
case	Defines a label in a switch command.
continue	Continues a loop.
default	Specifies the default case in a switch.
dirs	Displays the directory stack.
eval	Evaluates a command.
exec	Executes the command in the current shell.
exit	Exits the shell.
foreach	Specifies a looping control statement and execute a sequence of commands until reaching an end command.
glob	Writes arguments to the standard output of the shell, like the echo command, but without the new line.
goto	Continues execution after the specified label.
hashstat	Displays hash table statistics.
if	Executes a command if condition met.
jobs	Lists active jobs.
limit	Sets or list system resource limits.
nice	Changes the priority of commands run in the shell.
notify	Notifies the user about changes in job status.
onintr	Tells the shell what to do on interrupt.
popd	Pops the top directory off the directory stack and changes to the new top directory.
pushd	Exchanges the top two elements of the directory stack.
rehash	Re-computes the hash table of the contents of the directories in the path shell variable.
repeat	Repeats the execution of a command.
shift	Shifts shell arguments.
source	Reads commands from a script.
suspend	Stops the current shell.
switch	Starts a switch.
umask	Shows or set file permissions.
unalias	Removes command alias.
unhash	Disables the internal hash table.
unlimit	Removes limitations on system Resource.
wait	Waits for background jobs to complete.
while …end	Executes the commands between the while and matching end statements repeatedly.
@	Displays or set the values of all the shell variables.

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Unix Commands

# Are these also part of the shells? No. Each Linux / Unix command is a separate executable program. They are written in C, or less likely, in other programming languages.

System Calls:

chdir
chmod
chown
chroot - change root directory
exit
kill
mkdir - create a directory
mount
reboot - reboot or enable/disable Ctrl-Alt-Del
rename - change the name or location of a file
rmdir - delete a directory
umount